LP tutorial week 9, solution notes ================================== 1. (i) MGU (prolog says) X = g(W), U = h(Z) non MGU: eg X = g(a), W = a. U = h(Z). (check: ?- X = g(a), W = a, U = h(Z), f(X, h(Z)) = f(g(W), U). ) (ii) MGU W = Z, X = g(Z) non MGU unifier: W = a, X = g(a), Z = a 2. Unfold the definitions: (a) : if M1 |= p( c1,c1 ) then M2 |= p( c1, c2 ) <=> if (c1, c2 ) in I1(p) then (c1,c2) in I2(p) (by def of M |= p(c1,c2) ) <=> I1(p) is subset of I2(p) (b) (by def of subset). 3. (a) predicates: bird/1 bee/1 parrot/1 skua/1 bumbleBee/1 constants: polly, sam, best pete (b) one model: all predicates true for all constants another model: penguin(pete), bumbleBee(bert), skua(sam), parrot(polly), bee(bert), bird(polly), bird(sam), flies(polly), flies(sam), flies(pete), flies(bert), flies(polly), flies(sam) all true, all other pred(constant) statements false. (c) Minimal model is the second above (can use fix-point caculation). (d) It is indeeed smaller than the other model ( if pred(constant) true in minimal model, it is also true in first model ). 4. Mentioned parts in quote marks: The artist formerly known as "the artist formerly known as prince" is now known as "the artist". 5. The two queries are logically equivalent in the declarative reading: some X (var(X) /\ X = 2 ) some X (X = 2 /\ var(X) ) logically equivalent statements must share the same truth value, since Prolog gives different answers, the statements are not logically equivalent, so the declarative reading is violated. 6. The use of var/1 here involves the mention of its argument. The program flattens arbitrarily nest list without instantiating any variables in the first argument (nit so easy to see this): ?- flatten( [1,[2,[3,X],4]], Z ). Z = [1,2,3,X,4] Without the first clause, get different behaviour: ?- flatten( [1,[2,[3,X],4]], Z ). X = [], Z = [1,2,3,4] ?